Ricardo Villarreal

Think, Therefore Think Again

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Iniciando el 2022 con Séneca

January 1, 2022 by Ricardo Villarreal

New Year 2022Cada comienzo de año es, para muchos, una oportunidad para autoevaluarse y ponerse retos o propósitos para cambiar o mejorar algunos aspectos de su vida hacia una más satisfactoria y recompensante.

Entre los propósitos más comunes están hacer ejercicio, dejar algún vicio (fumar, por ejemplo), leer más libros, viajar a un destino exótico, reconectar con familiares o viejas amistades, aprender alguna nueva habilidad, etcétera.

Pero también es muy enriquecedor aprovechar la transición del año nuevo para reflexionar sobre el punto en el que se encuentra nuestra vida y pensar en cómo podemos darle mayor sentido a nuestra existencia en este brevísimo paso que tenemos por el mundo.

Recientemente leí el ensayo “Sobre la brevedad de la vida, el ocio y la felicidad” del filósofo romano Lucio Séneca (Editorial Acantilado), y sus enseñanzas de hace casi dos mil años siguen inspirando a la humanidad hoy.

Sobre la brevedad del tiempo, el filósofo estoico nos invita a aprovecharlo mejor y a saber invertirlo bien, pues más allá de tener poco tiempo, derrochamos mucho. Hay que ser más selectivos con las actividades que demandan nuestro tiempo y aprender a filtrar mejor aquellas que más nos enriquezcan y le den sentido a nuestra vida.

Aunque es bueno planear a futuro, Séneca nos recuerda también que nada nos garantiza contar con ese futuro para realizar las actividades planeadas: “El mayor obstáculo para la vida es la expectación que depende de mañana y pierde lo de hoy.”

Si el tiempo pasado es inamovible y el tiempo futuro es incierto, valoremos aún más este universal “ahora” presente de tiempo que, aunque es el más breve, es el más poderoso y el único del que tenemos dominio. Vivamos con mejor presencia y aprovechamiento el hoy.

En cuanto a las lecciones filosóficas sobre la felicidad, Séneca menciona que todos quieren ser felices, claro, pero la mayoría se la pasa queriendo descubrir a ciegas qué es lo que hace feliz la vida. Con ello, algunos caen en la trampa de la popularidad, creyendo que la mejor manera de vivir es aquella aceptada por la mayoría, y terminan por imitar a otros que aparentan ser felices, pensando equivocadamente que lo serán también ellos mismos.

Séneca sostiene que una vida feliz solo puede ir de la mano de la virtud, de hacer el bien por el bien mismo, y nos invita a vivir conforme a la razón y en total libertad para lograr una auténtica felicidad propia, genuinamente nuestra.

De tal manera, para Séneca, “es feliz el hombre para quien nada es bueno ni malo, salvo tener un alma buena o mala, un hombre que cultiva la honradez, se contenta con la virtud, a quien la fortuna no exalta ni quiebra, que no conoce bien mayor que el que pueda darse a sí mismo y cuya verdadera pasión será el desprecio de las pasiones.”

¿Y qué hay sobre los placeres en la felicidad? Séneca no está en contra de los placeres de la vida, pero sí advierte que tengamos inteligencia, cuidado y mesura al disfrutarlos. Que seamos nosotros quienes dominemos los placeres y no al revés, que no sean los placeres que nos controlen a nosotros.

De igual manera, Séneca tampoco está en contra de las posesiones materiales, pero nos invita a actuar con sabiduría reconociendo que la felicidad no debe depender de la acumulación de tales riquezas. Debemos aprender a ser felices con o sin ellas. En el momento en que nuestra felicidad dependa directamente de la adquisición de bienes materiales, nunca alcanzaremos la felicidad, porque caeremos en el sempiterno vicio de desear cada vez más.

Por último, Séneca habla sobre el ocio como un privilegio para quienes tienen la fortuna de aprovecharlo. El ocio es una excelente oportunidad para dedicarse a la contemplación de la verdad, a la búsqueda de la razón y a compartir con otros sus conocimientos y talentos.

Si uno dispone de tiempo libre, las bellas artes siempre son un buen refugio para darle más sentido a nuestra vida. Pero para Séneca también es importante aprovechar el ocio no solo para la contemplación, sino para la acción. Que nuestro tiempo libre sirva en beneficio de nuestra comunidad ya sea participando activamente en la política o en organizaciones que luchan por una sociedad más abierta, libre y justa.

Que este año 2022 sea para todos ustedes muy enriquecedor, de buen aprovechamiento del tiempo, lleno de memorables momentos de felicidad, de buena salud, de vivir la vida plenamente y siempre con amor.

 

Filed Under: Arts & Culture, Books, Libros, Literatura, Philosophy Tagged With: Año Nuevo 2022, Felicidad, filosofía, libros, Ocio, Pensamientos, Reflexiones, Séneca, Virtud

In the Midst of a Sixth Extinction

May 7, 2019 by Ricardo Villarreal

Volcano CraterIn the history of our planet there have been five great mass extinctions. The first during the late Ordovician period 450 million years ago by glaciation, and the last, and most famous, at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, when a giant asteroid six miles wide travelling at a speed of 45,000 miles per hour collided with the Earth, wiping out three-quarters of all species, including all dinosaurs.

Every animal today descended (and evolved) from organisms that survived that extinction. But we are now facing a sixth extinction in the human-dominated Anthropocene epoch. This imperative topic is brilliantly covered by Elizabeth Kolbert in her compelling book The Sixth Extinction.

Kolbert describes how the spread of modern humans and our voracious disruption of entire ecological systems has eliminated many species in the process, and with it, we are now threatening our own survival.

Not only have we brutally increased CO2 concentrations into the air by deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, but a third of it is absorbed by the sea, creating an alarming ocean acidification that is devastating and could potentially be responsible of eliminating coral reefs (ecosystems in which millions of species rely on for survival).

Of course, anthropogenic global warming (climate change) is becoming the biggest killer, not only melting the ice caps and transforming the polar regions, but also impacting tropical forests, where most species in the planet live. The introduction of invasive species and land fragmentation have also caused a decline and extinction of species.

We Homo Sapiens are causing all this. We even drove the Neanderthals, our closest ancient human relative, to extinction. And it’s likely we were also responsible for the extinction of the Homo floresiensis and the recently discovered Denisovans, two other archaic human siblings.

We can change the course and urgently protect our planet and present species to avoid total oblivion. But we must act now. This is an incredibly researched eye-opening book by Elizabeth Kolbert that I recommend.

 

Filed Under: Books, Philosophy, Science Tagged With: Climate Change, Elizabeth Kolbert, Evolution, Global Warming, Homo Sapiens, Neanderthals, Ocean Acidification, Sixth Extinction

El Amor y la Vida Siguen

August 2, 2018 by Ricardo Villarreal

Max VillarrealEspera, pequeño, todavía no salgas. Claro que te queremos ver, pero aún no es hora, hay que esperar un poco más. Permítenos por favor la emoción de recibirte con todo el amor que te mereces, con nuestras caras llenas de felicidad, con nuestros brazos abiertos para que sientas nuestro calor y unir nuestros latidos.

No, Max. Por favor aguanta. La vida tiene un lugar y tiempo para todos. Tienes que crecer más y tu cuerpecito es muy frágil y pequeño aún. Continúa en ese nido que te ha preparado mamá. Ahí tienes todo lo que necesitas por ahora. Ya jugaremos después. Me encantará ver tu sonrisa y esos ojos brillantes que estarán llenos de sueños y que me enamorarán completamente.

Pero aún no, Max, por favor… Y de repente nuestra alegría y entusiasmo se desvanecieron en un segundo. Un segundo que alteró nuestra realidad, nublándonos los ojos y partiéndonos el corazón. Un segundo que fue el comienzo de tu ausencia, de continuar la vida sin ti.

Pero no fue tu culpa, Max. Ni de mamá, ni de nadie. Se interfirió tu paz intempestivamente y se interrumpió tu futuro para siempre por orden de la naturaleza, que a veces es fría e inexplicable. Ni siquiera vendrá a pedirnos perdón, eso ya lo sé. Simplemente nos queda tomar fuerza y continuar el camino hasta dar el último paso que nos quede.

Qué contrariedad de la vida, Max. Tú cruzaste el umbral de la muerte antes que yo. En ningún lugar estaba escrito que sería yo quien tomara una pala con mis manos para enterrar tu cuerpo, pero las historias dan giros inesperados. Tu breve existencia me ha marcado profundamente y por siempre serás parte de mi vida y de nuestra historia.

Si tú pudiste atravesar esa línea misteriosa que procede al final de la vida, me has quitado el miedo, Max. Y con ello has agrandado mi capacidad de amar.

Porque teniendo amor lo tenemos todo, gracias hijo.

 

 

Filed Under: Philosophy Tagged With: amor, nacimiento, perder un hijo, pérdida, vida y amor

It’s (kind of) Happening Here

November 15, 2017 by Ricardo Villarreal

Barbed WireSinclair Lewis’ dystopian political novel It Can’t Happen Here was written in 1935, but it regained popularity and relevance lately due to the unavoidable parallels of the story with the current state of political affairs in the United States under a Trump presidency.

Lewis, the first American to win a Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote this masterpiece warning us about the rise of totalitarian regimes in free nations, and how they can destroy the foundations of freedom and democracy when they exert obstructions of checks and balances, when there is suppression of the press, and when government focuses more on military power than in the advancement of science and education.

Not only that, but there are also warnings about having an ignorant population of political zealots who easily fall prey to the false rhetoric conducted by the antagonist character in the novel, Buzz Windrip, a populist candidate who wins the presidential election in the United States.

Similar to Trump, Buzz Windrip’s political strategies to escalate his agenda involve inciting fear among his followers, shutting down opponents, and fabricating conspiracies for personal gain and power, while dividing the country.

The author describes Windrip in a way that sounds like a description of Trump: “(Windrip) was vulgar, almost illiterate, a public liar easily detected, and his ‘ideas’ almost idiotic…” Early in the story, there is even a mention on how Windrip, the presidential candidate, wants to “make America prosperous again.”

And while the parallel between Trump and Windrip is quite unequivocal, let me remind you again Sinclair Lewis wrote this novel in 1935, eleven years before Trump was born.

But the magnificence of this cautionary tale is universally applicable to even moderate politicians who have utilized totalitarian practices against their population.

Surely, the novel It Can’t Happen Here reminds us of Trump today. However, the George W. Bush administration also comes to mind when we discover a reference in the story on how Americans in the 1930’s, during the war hysteria against Germany, started calling sauerkraut “Liberty Cabbage.” Pretty much the same level of stupidity as when many Americans in 2003 started calling French fries “Freedom Fries” after France voted against the Iraq War at the UN Security Council.

Just like Buzz Windrip in the novel, Trump publicly mentioned he would fight the banks and the powers of Wall Street. But once he got into power, he has given banks power and influence in his cabinet, hired Steve Mnuchin (a former bank executive) as his Secretary of the Treasury, and, among other things, repealed consumer arbitration rule in favor of banks.

As far as other key people, I believe an obvious comparison in the story is that of character Lee Sarason and Steve Bannon. Sarason was the right-hand man of President Windrip, and was also invited to work with him having been the managing editor of a popular newspaper, where he was “building up” Buzz Windrip for years before his nomination as President.

It’s also inevitable thinking about Melania Trump when the author mentions that “no potential dictator ought ever to have a visible wife.” Buzz Windrip did have a wife, but she was not noticeable. In fact, she didn’t even live in Washington. Compared to previous First Ladies, Melania Trump’s lack of involvement is quite notorious.

The political philosophy of Buzz Windrip is described in his “Fifteen Points of Victory for the Forgotten Men” and incorporates fascist and confederate ideas, prevalent in today’s Alt-Right movement. Just to list five examples of this platform created to please his base, we have the following:

  • All persons are guaranteed absolute freedom of religious worship, provided, however, that no atheist, agnostic, nor any Jew who shall refuse allegiance to the New Testament, nor any person who refuses to take the Pledge of the Flag, shall be permitted to hold any public office or to practice as a teacher, professor, lawyer, judge, or as a physician.
  • The Government will decide which Labor Unions will stay and they will have the power of decision in all labor disputes.
  • The size of the military, armaments, and naval establishments shall be consistently increased.
  • African-Americans shall be prohibited from voting, holding public office, practicing law, medicine, or teaching in any class above the grade of grammar school.
  • All women employed shall be assisted to return to their incomparably sacred duties as home-makers and as mothers of strong citizens.

The above points sound horrific indeed, but the scary thing is many in the far-right today will have no problem with any of those concepts.

Another resemblance of Windrip with Trump is shown on Buzz Windrip’s eagerness of having business dealings with… Russia! And similar to Trump’s “America First” catch phrase, Buzz Windrip is anti-trade and wants every single thing the country needs to be produced at home.

The exertion of a Corporate State in the novel dramatically impacts education as well, where the authoritarian government does its part to get rid of any intellectualism, “dangerous thinkers,” literature, and science .

Funny thing is, one of the Corpo universities in the novel was named Windrip University after the president. Yes, just like a Trump University, and a total scam as well.

Of course, Trump hasn’t gone as far as executing people who discredit his administration or imprisoning journalists who cover him negatively (although he has retaliated against CNN publicly over their reporting and has referred to any news network not covering him favorably as “fake news”).

Neither has Trump established labor camps and a paramilitary army at his service, nor has he made the liberal Supreme Court members resign and replaced them with his friends, among other draconian measures that Buzz Windrip does impose in the novel.

But Trump’s authoritarian style, although at a smaller scale, is obvious. And as long as he remains in power, the threat against our democratic institutions is still there.

Extreme ideologies are hurting our country, and we must be smart in identifying and reducing divisive authoritarian groups in order to protect our freedoms.

As Doremus Jessup, the protagonist liberal journalist, observes: “the struggle today is not about Communism against Fascism, but tolerance against the bigotry that is preached equally by Communism and Fascism.”

We have been forewarned and cannot take things for granted. Towards the end of the story, and without giving any spoilers, Doremus Jessup leaves us with a final thought:

“More and more, as I think about history, I am convinced that everything that is worthwhile in the world has been accomplished by the free, inquiring, critical spirit, and that preservation of this spirit is more important than any social system whatsoever. But the men of ritual and the men of barbarism are capable of shutting up the men of science and of silencing them forever.”

 

 

Filed Under: Books, Libros, Literatura, Philosophy, Politics Tagged With: authoritarianism, books, Buzz Windrip, Donald Trump, Dystopia, fascism, It Can't Happen Here, literature, novel, politics, Sinclair Lewis, totalitarianism

Are Humans Artificial by Nature?

September 25, 2017 by Ricardo Villarreal

Artificial NatrualNumerous people believe that many of the world’s problems today exist because we have turned our backs on what is “natural” and because we are out of touch with nature. They suggest going back to living in a more “natural” environment.

Others believe that trying to go back to what is “natural” limits our scientific progress and, because “natural” behaviors employ old traditional conventions, it could lead to suppressing modern social values of freedom and inclusion.

As an example, who hasn’t heard those against same-sex marriage refer to homosexuality as something unnatural? We sure don’t want to go back to those more “natural” periods of time where archaic laws discriminated against groups in our society, defended slavery, or limited women’s rights.

If we take away the scientific advancements on medicine and technology, perhaps our life could be more “natural,” but our life expectancy would probably be half of what it is today and our way of living rudimentary.

John Stuart Mill said that every good end that improves the lives of humans comes from altering the course of nature, not following it.

Spanish philosopher Fernando Savater also adds, “we could often mention that something ‘artificial’ (human made) is better than something ‘natural’ (absent from human touch) and that its functionality exists precisely to protect us from ‘nature’ itself.”

Diseases like cancer are “natural” while medical solutions for it, like chemotherapy, are “artificial.” Extreme cold weathers are “natural,” but living in a house with a heating system to protect us from the cold is “artificial.”

Pet lovers should also know that their cute puppy Fido is not “natural” at all, but an “artificial” human invention because dogs, which evolved from a shared common ancestor with wolves, are the result of thousands of years of selective breeding.

Along the same line, modern fruits and vegetables have been genetically modified (and improved) through many years of artificial selection. If you were to see their “natural” appearance, you wouldn’t want to eat the ancestors of today’s produce like bananas, sweet corn, watermelon, carrots, and peaches, just to name a few.

“Nature” refers to things as they are, but not as they should be. Furthermore, “nature” explains the elements of a natural world as it exists without human beings or civilization. In other words, anything absent from human touch.

Nevertheless, it’s important to note that “artificial” human-made creations like spaceships, clothing, computers, prescription glasses, and even agricultural fields, are all built from elements found in nature.

As our specie evolved through the years, it became “natural” to create human-made “artificial” concepts like laws to protect us and establish order, language to communicate, and society to live in cooperation.

When it comes to our “human nature,” culture plays an important role in influencing the way we think, feel, and act.

Among other historical periods, the Age of Enlightenment saw philosophers debating “human nature” from a moral standpoint. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, men are good by nature, but corrupted by society. His contemporary Immanuel Kant, in contrast, argued that humans need principles guided by society in order to do good. Without them, men can be wild and do things that contravene society.

Following the aforesaid counterpoint, a philosophical observation by Savater indicates that human influence is not only reflected in the creation of something, but also in its decision to not influence something.

For example, are the breathtaking landscapes of Yosemite National Park “natural” because they have remained untouched for thousands of years, or are they “artificial” because men have deliberately decided not to develop the area?

If the “artificial” process of reforestation is to rebuild natural habitats and to restock forests in needed regions, will the outcome of a new “natural” green environment be an “artificial” triumph?

While it is true that artificial systems have allowed humanity to live better, it has also brought significant dangers that are undermining the future of humankind.

Weapons of destruction used in wars, plastic & electronic waste polluting our oceans, uncontrolled industries contaminating our air, and financial institutions driving people into poverty, are all human-made calamities.

We need to understand this: nature has no obligations towards the human race. It will continue to act and respond accordingly to how it is treated. And because nature is indifferent to humans, we need to learn from it, from its natural laws, from its behaviors and disasters to better understand how we act upon it.

Through thousands of years we have altered nature for our own benefit, and these actions (good and bad) are now irreversible.

We don’t have the time to let nature recover on its own. What we have now going forward is the obligation to save nature and the permanence of humanity with responsible human-made ideas and solutions.

If we destroy today what we need tomorrow, that will be our end. A self-inflicted defeat.

 

Filed Under: Philosophy Tagged With: Artificial, future of humanity, Human Nature, humanity, Natural, philosophy, world solutions

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